A Report On Race And Ethnicity Sociology Essay

A Report On Race And Ethnicity Sociology Essay Racism and Ethnicity are two well known subjects in the academic world. Although not a popular choice of study Racism and Ethnicity can be found in Multicultural education, Sociology, Economics, to name just a few. Although used in the same way, Racism and Ethnicity are very different. The purpose of this essay is to define and provide examples of racism, institutional racism, and individual racism. I will also focus on the impacts that these forms of racism have on those who are on the receiving end of racism. The Concise Oxford Dictionary defines racism in two meanings: One, â€Å"the belief that there are characteristics, abilities, or qualities specific to each race† and two, â€Å"discrimination against or antagonism towards other races†. Ethnicity on the other hand has three meanings: One, â€Å"relating to a group of people having a common national or cultural tradition† two, â€Å"referring to origin by birth than by present nationality: ethnic Albanians 3. â€Å"relating to a non-Western cultural tradition: ethnic music. (Oxford Dictionary: rev 2009). The word â€Å"race† has been around for several hundreds of years. At first it was used to describe an extended family through the generations, then as times passed it referred to large groups of people that were not family yet shared the same cultural practices and traditions, values and demographic location. When the Europeans made contact with people outside their homeland (America, Asia and Oceania) they would put people into categories that would show differences between their culture and those who were â€Å"new† to them. These categories according to Pearson were what Banton (a writer on Evolution) called â€Å"Selectionist theories of evolution†. (Pearson:1990). Banton argued that a persons â€Å"physical appearance (phenotype) and/or inbuilt genetic makeup (genotype) explained human thought and action (Pearson: 1990) and it was then acceptable for people to define people on a â€Å"scale of attributes, from inferior to superior, from primitive to superior† (Pearson: 1990) all of which has made many a scientist question the world and how it is breaking up people into different races. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries a hierarchy was formed where those who were black (dark skinned) would be at the bottom and those who were white (fair skinned) wee at the top. Those who had dark skin were considered less educated or uneducated, simple people who were best suited to jobs that involved physical and manual labour. A white person, notably a white male middle class male, had intelligence, held down a job in managerial role and was financially far better of than those of dark skin. This was known as â€Å"racial essence, to determine the abilities of a person or a group† (Study Guide: Unit 6). By the mid twentieth century, the study of genetics was becoming a turning point in humanity. Rather than focussing on a persons skin colour, it became more acceptable that having good access to food, education, clean water, and healthcare contributed to the development in human beings. Pearson (1990), argued ethnicity is â€Å"what people do† (Study Guide: U nit 6) and demonstrated this by quoting a set of definitions by Anthony Smith with reference to ethnic communities. Ethnic communities have: a â€Å"collective name a â€Å"common myth of decent† a â€Å"distinctive shared culture† â€Å"an association with a specific territory† and a â€Å"sense of solidarity† This is defined in Pearsons article as an ethnic community â€Å"as a named human population with shared ancestry, myths, histories, and cultures having an association with a specific terroritory and a sense of solidarity† (Pearson: 1990). Institutional racism focuses on a group of people who are often more â€Å"dominant† than other groups and choose to criticise another group for being like second class citizens in particular â€Å"radically inferior† (Pearson:1990) that allow a more dominant group to dictate to the less off group â€Å"where they live, what language they speak, what school they attend, what job they acquire, how they are treated by the police and the courts, how they are portrayed by the media, and what form of political and legal representation they have to recourse to† (Pearson: 1990). Thus, those who are part of the more dominant group can dictate how the less dominant group can be used and have the racist beliefs and actions placed upon them. An example of instutional racism is prominent where there are often two or more different ethnicities. In South Africa for example, â€Å"judicial rules and regulations discriminating against black persons are a clear case point (Pear son: 1990). In New Zealand however, there is no such thing as discriminatory legislation and policies and practices are usually unintentional than discriminating towards one another. Individual racism on the other hand is more personal and is targeted at individuals rather than a group of people. Also known as personal racism, Brislin identifies four types of individual racism: 1. Intense racism â€Å"the belief that certain people are inferior, and hence are perceived as being of low worth. 2. Symbolic racism- Dominant groups â€Å"feel the the out group is interfering with important aspects of the culture- creating problems†. 3. Tokenism- Dominant groups prove that they have engaged in â€Å"token activities to prove that they have even handed the treatment of other races†. 4. Arms length- People engaging â€Å"in friendly positive behaviours towards out group members in some social settings but treat them the same out group members with noticeably less warmth and friendliness in other settings†. Brislin(2000). Kenan Malik argued that individual racism â€Å"imprisons those who are subjected to it while strengthening Western cultures†. Orientalism, which Malik quotes is a â€Å"dualism between the east and the west and the Orient and has helped to define ‘other â€Å"which people can see is different and excluded in race relationships. In summary I have defined and provide some examples of racism and ethnicity and outlined the concepts of institutional racism and individual racism. By focussing on these examples we can be sure that racism affects people either as a nation or are subjects of individual attacks. By being aware of these prejudices, it is important to understand that we should not feel more superior to one another just because of the colour of someone elses skin. Racism is in many parts of the world and although it appears for many reasons, it should be addressed so not to damage a particular culture or a persons identity.

Ways to Save Energy

We live in the State of Louisiana and our electric is supplied by Enterer formally Gulf States utilities. Enterer provides electric for the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Orleans and Texas. Enterer supplies their electric to our parish from River Bend Nuclear Station in Saint Branchville, Louisiana in West Felicia Parish which Is only 17 minutes from where we are In Jackson, Louisiana. I did not have to research for the source of electric that our company use because this is where my second oldest son works.At this time Enterer is also using renewable energy such as wind and hydro also In producing some of their electric. Last year at this time our electric bill was very high but I reduced our bill this year by only using lights that are needed at that moment, by setting our A/C at 780, only using our oven on the stove as needed, and reducing the usage of our microwave, of course everything in our home is electric so that do cause some problems, some people Just walk out of a room and leave the light on or go out of the door with the air on and leave the door open.The idea of having heating oil or coal coming from Russia would put a change thin a lot of households, imagine having to pay close to $500-$600 Just for lights, there would be a big change with all people because this meaner that the amount of time that it take to use your stove for cooking would change, even the time that is spent on the internet for class or Just for fun would change and all those days from having a television on Just for noise In the background would have to end also.Electric coming from Russia would mean a reduce of usage because there would be a raise in the price of oil, gas and coal. Currently the debate that has my attention has to do with the usage of high ethanol gas. This gas supposed to be cleaner and reduce the emission from regular gas. Currently our ozone layer is steady being destroyed from pollutions that are entering the environment.Having high ethan ol gas would help to reduce this emission but then also having flex-fuel vehicles or an electric vehicle would count towards helping the environment. Explaining Chart: Electric usage for television, computer, electric stove, oven usage on two days, hot water for bathing, cordless phone going down needed recharging, A/C on for cooling the home, ceiling fan on in the living room. Solar: Came to a good usage blinds up on windows did not have to use lights as often.Gas: Two days In a row gas had to be put in our truck, husband and son job hunting and these two days were spent going out of East Felicia Parish looking for work, Gas was use going to the doctor for my monthly check-up which also made more gas added to the truck. Chart enclosed References Smith, J. Dune 26, 2011). How to Improve Your Homes Energy Efficiency Rating retrieved trot mm. ‘. Correspondence. Com on August 21, 2013 Enterer The Power of People retrieved from wry. Enterer. Com on August

A Research On Risk Management - 1800 Words

Risk management is a paramount activity in order to ensure long-term survival in the banking industry. In order to remain as a going concern JPM has put in place vigorous infrastructure to mitigate and measure risks across the firm. Such infrastructure includes a risk department overseen by the Firm’s Chief Risk Officer (CRO) and an asset-liability committee (ALCO) which monitors the Firm’s balance sheet, liquidity risk and interest rate risk. The primary duties of the CRO as defined by JPM (2014 Annual Report, pg. 110) are as follows: †¢ Establishing a comprehensive credit risk policy framework †¢ Monitoring and managing credit risk across all portfolio segments, including transaction and line approval †¢ Assigning and managing credit†¦show more content†¦Credit Risk Define: Credit risk is defined by JPM as â€Å"the risk of loss arising from the default of a customer, client or counterparty (2014 annual report, pg. 110)†. This fairly broad definition encompasses large corporate clients, institutional clients and individual consumers. In addition, JPM identified that the primary drivers of credit risk arise from (1) residential real estate, (2) credit card, (3) auto loans, (4) business banking and (5) student lending businesses. In order to further define the characteristics of credit risk, the firm uses methodologies such as (1) a scored exposure rating, and (2) a risk exposure rating to estimate the likelihood of counterparty default. Scored Exposure As securities are underwritten and issued to customers, they are transferred or essentially securitized into a portfolio. Scored exposure is used a term that encompasses the scored portfolio held in consumer and community banking (CCB). This portfolio predominantly includes residential real estate loans, credit card loans, certain auto and business banking loans and student loans (i.e., the loans issued by consumer bank Chase, as acquired by investment bank JPM following the alleviation of the Glass Steagall Act). According to JPM, credit losses on their CCB loans are measured based on â€Å"statistical analysis of credit losses over discrete periods of time and estimated using portfolio modeling, credit scoring, credit scores, and other risk factors†.

Analysis Of Where Are You Going Where Have You Been And...

Connie’s Fate in the Hands of the Reader (INTRO): The most crucial and pivotal part of a storyline is the ending. Oftentimes, a movie and a book based on the same storyline will differ in a multitude of ways. Consequently, the entire interpretation of a story is based on the ending. This concept is expressed in the intricate and intriguing plots of the short story â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† by Joyce Carol Oates and the movie Smooth Talk. (THESIS): The ending of the short story is more effective than the ending of the movie because it leaves more to the imagination with its graphic scenes that emphasize Connie’s complex relationship with her mother and show a transformation in Connie’s personality. (Imagination)Sometimes a†¦show more content†¦For she becomes disoriented and watches herself venture outside, as if she were not in her own body. Everything around her, including her home and her land, seems remarkably unfamiliar, but Oates writes that â€Å"she was going to it† (Oates 204). This quotation is ambiguous in itself; what might going to the land symbolize? Connie may very well just be taken from her home, as what happens in the movie. It may, furthermore, be plausible that she is going to be killed. She may become one with the land, buried down underneath the dirt. Arnold does not truly care about Connie, as shown when he calls brown-eyed Connie his â€Å"sweet little blue-eyed girl† (Oates 204). Considering his lack of genuine interest in Connie, there may be no limit what he is willing to do to Connie to get what he wants. The story ends abruptly and on a cliffhanger with its significance up for debate in the air. ( Detailed Scene)The more descriptive an author is in his or her writing the better. The more a reader knows about the characters and what is going on in the story can help him or her interpret the storyline better. In the short story, Oates goes into great detail when describing Connie’s final encounter with Arnold Friend. Connie’s thoughts and feelings are expressed much more vividly than are portrayed in the film. Connie’s thought process of perceiving Arnold as a friend to a foe is shown. Oates is very clear about Connie’s two-sided personality, for Connie has always loved attention.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis of â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† Essay1018 Words   |  5 PagesHurst 1 Allison Hurst Professor Ben Mayo English Comp II 30 April 2011 Analysis of â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† by Joyce Carol Oates In 1966, Joyce Carol Oates published her short story â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?†. Oates was inspired to write this story after reading about a serial killer that was referred to as â€Å"The Pied Piper of Tucson†. 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